The disclosed technology relates to a working fluid for a low global warming potential gwp refrigeration system that includes a compressor, where the working fluid includes an ester based lubricant and a low gwp refrigerant, and where the ester based lubricant includes an ester of one or more branched carboxylic acids where said branched carboxylic acid contains 8 or less carbon atoms. It will help you understand current and future refrigerants and technologies, with focus on global warming potential, energy consumption, and system efficiency. Refrigerants r454c r455a r1234yf ozone potential depletion odp following en3781 version 2016. By application, most of these solvents are refrigerants or blowing agents for foams. Global warming potential gwp, natural refrigerants, ozone depletion potential odp collection. Global warming potential values the following table includes the 100year time horizon global warming potentials gwp relative to co2. The objective of this study is to analyze the performance improvement of heat pumps with low global warming potential gwp refrigerants over conventional r410a heat pumps by optimizing the heat exchanger designs. Significant new alternatives policy snap program us epa. The first generation of refrigerants included substances such as hydrocarbons, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. Ahri low global warming potential alternative refrigerants. A global trend toward sustainable refrigeration means many refrigeration and air conditioning systems must undergo a refrigerant replacement process. The snap program promotes a smooth transition to safer alternatives.
Characteristics of some new generation refrigerants with low gwp. Refrigerants used in air conditioners are changing again. Us20170002243a1 lubricant for low global warming potential. The ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the theoretical relative degradation that this compound inflicts on the ozone layer, by the destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere. Furthermore, compared to the refrigerants widely used today such as r22 and r410a, r32 has a global warming potential gwp that is onethird lower and is remarkable for its low environmental impact. Low global warming refrigerants for stationary air. Some of the topics touched on during the presentation included the future of lowgwp refrigerant options for unitary products, whether future refrigerant retrofits will be possible, and some of the challenges involved when working with flammable refrigerants. Refrigerants regulated under the refrigerant management program rmp include any refrigerant that is an ozone depleting substance ods as defined in title 40 of the code of federal regulation, part 82, and any compound with a global warming potential gwp value equal to or greater than 150 according to the gwps specified in ipccs fourth assessment report of 2007. Downing, prenticehall tradeoffs in refrigerant selections. The kigali amendment added restrictions to the mp on substances with global warming potential gwp that trap heat in the upper atmosphere, with reduction targets established based on carbon dioxide equivalent emissions co 2e. The global warming potential gwp a comparative index in relation to co2 as. The challenges of replacing hfc refrigerants with low globalwarming potential fluids.
The goal of this paper is to demystify the refrigerant landscape to facilitate further exploration. Feb 22, 2017 please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. The current generation of refrigerants, hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, have significant global warming potential gwp when released to the atmosphere. Hcfc22 chclf 2 and hfc4a ch 2 fcf 3 are two major gases currently used worldwide in domestic and commercial refrigeration and air conditioning. Without refrigerants, today peoples living standards would be considerably lower. Global warming potential an overview sciencedirect topics. Limited options for low globalwarmingpotential refrigerants. Refrigerants play a hidden, but vital role in peoples lives. Low global warming potential gwp alternative refrigerants. Replacing hfc refrigerants with lowglobalwarmingpotential.
Performance comparison of heat pumps using low global. This is due to a number of reasons, including the following. These concerns with global climate change led to the kyoto protocol, created in 1997. Benefits of leapfrogging to superefficiency and low global. This study will discuss properties and applications of potential refrigerant options in stationary air conditioning and heat pump systems. Understanding global warming potentials greenhouse gas ghg. Olesen ashrae president elect 201617 technical university of.
Unepozonaction program is the custodian of the clearinghouse mandate for the montreal protocol with 9 active networks of ods officers in all developing countries. Carefully avoiding the noise of deliberate and unjustified bad publicity, a small but significant number of local and international companies decided quietly to adopt the concept of natural refrigerants anyway. Understanding a2l refrigerants for air conditioners 201908. Ashrae is the largest society in the world with focus and mandate on refrigeration and airconditioning engineering sectors with 57,000 members and 211 chapters worldwide. However, r410a has a high global warming potential of 2088, higher than that of r22. Potentially could be used the next generation of refrigerants as lowgwp. The task force comprises ahri members and stakeholders employed with contractors, government agencies, the fire service, unions, training organizations and. Refrigerants for lower global warming potential explore this whitepaper discusses the global trends within refrigeration and air conditioning. Systems using low global warming potential refrigerants. Global warming potentialgwpis an appraisal of ghg for example, co2, methane, nitrous. The ar5 values are the most recent, but the second assessment report 1995 and fourth.
Global warming potential of various refrigerants 18 table 6. They have a very low or zero global warming potential and zero ozone depletion potential. Although these refrigerants have no ozone depletion potential, they have a negative impact on global warming when these refrigerants leak to atmosphere during system operation. A digital copy of this report can be downloaded at. Global warming potential gwp is a measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere up to a specific time horizon, relative to carbon dioxide. Download standards for low global warming potential. Comparison of characteristics of some refrigerants 17 table 5.
Ashrae position document on refrigerants and their. R111, 2 global warming potential 100 year, ipcc 4th assessment report, 2007. Because cfcs and hcfcs were already covered under the montreal protocol, they were. Highgwp refrigerants california air resources board. Aug 12, 2019 it resulted in the complete phaseout of various substances and refrigerants cfcs and hcfcs. Understanding global warming potentials greenhouse gas.
Solstice n41 r466a is a nonflammable, reduced globalwarmingpotential gwp refrigerant. Two new low gwp refrigerant molecules hfo1234yf, hfo1234ze have been identified. Among high pressure blends, r404a has a relatively high gwp 3952, and is widely used in commercial refrigeration applications. Ozone depletion potential an overview sciencedirect topics. Refrigerants for lower global warming potential explore. Didion proceedings of ashraenist refrigerants conference oct 1997 hfos new low global warming potential refrigerants s.
Global warming potential gwp is defined as the cumulative radiative forcing, both direct and indirect effects, over a specified time horizon resulting from the emission of a unit mass of gas related to some reference gas co2. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Pdf natural and synthetic refrigerants, global warming. Although refrigerants with values of gwp as low as possible are.
Benefits of leapfrogging to superefficiency and low global warming potential refrigerants in room air conditioning nihar shah, max wei, virginie letschert, amol phadke. Several candidate refrigerants have already demonstrated low global warming potential. Physicochemical properties of various refrigerants 20 table 8. Pdf the refrigeration and airconditioning industries are important sectors of. Simulate your system with the right refrigerant and export the results to excel. Calculation of global warming potential gwp v alues of refrigerants is a complex issue. W ith the ratification of the montreal protocol in 1987, chlorofluorocarbon cfc and hydrochlorofluorocarbon hcfc refrigerants, such as r11, r12, r22, and r123, have been or will soon be phased out due to their high ozone depleting potential odp. A number of lowerglobal warming poten tial gwp refrigerants now available offer greater energy ef. A tool for life cycle climate performance lccp based design of residential air source heat pumps, iea heat pump centre newsletter, vol. The following table includes the 100year time horizon global warming potentials gwp relative to co2. Under this circumstance, natural refrigerants such as nh3, hc and co 2 are thus obtaining more and more favour because of their very low environmental impact. It should be noted that refrigerants that do perform well in certain applications where r4a is used will not.
Common refrigerants and their ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp are indicated below. These molecules are hydrofluoroolefins hfo and honeywell has discovered that these molecules have an extremely low global warming potential gwp of only 4 to 6 as compared to 1430 for r. As global, national and state regulations have targeted the phasedown of hfcs in recent years, the industry has seen a shift toward alternative refrigerants with lower global warming potential gwp. Ashrae panelists discuss the latest in lowgwp refrigerants. Depicted in table 1 are potential low global warming molecules as well as a reference higher global warming molecule, r4a. Impact of refrigerants r1234yf, r455a, r454c on the behaviour. Also shown in table 1 are permissible exposure limits pel and flammability limits lfl and ufl.
Impact of refrigerants r1234yf, r455a, r454c on the. Genetron properties suite provides results in tabulated form. The recent global agreement signed in kigali to limit the use of hydrofluorocarbons hfcs as refrigerants, starting by 2019, has promoted an active area of research toward the development of low global warming potential gwp new refrigerants. The global warming potential gwp was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases. Carrier confirms its refrigerant strategy in europe by choosing hfo refrigerants with low global warming potential gwp for most of its commercial heating, ventilating and air conditioning hvac. Ahris safe refrigerant transition task force has been formed to address every step of the supply chain in the safe refrigerant transition to low global warming potential refrigerants.
Download fulltext pdf limited options for lowglobalwarmingpotential refrigerants article pdf available in nature communications 8. This whitepaper discusses the global trends within refrigeration and air conditioning. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion potential and fully supports the phase out of hcfcs. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layerglobal warming potential gwp is a measure of how much a given mass of a gas contributes to global warming. The search for refrigerants with low global warming potential gwp to replace more harmful hfcs is continuing. The cold chain is essential for feeding the worlds population and this cold chain relies on high performance refrigerants. Refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options.
Natural and synthetic refrigerants, global warming. Retrofitting refrigeration systems to more climatefriendly refrigerants is much easier with the right tools in handand the first one you should reach for is lowgwp tool. Download standards for lowglobal warming potential. Nextgeneration low global warming potential refrigerants. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. These webpages provide information on epas significant new alternatives policy snap program which evaluates substitutes for ozonedepleting substances in major industrial use sectors. Oct 20, 2010 global warming potential refrigerants regulation. The nextgeneration refrigerants will require essentially zero odp and low global warming potential gwp. Companies like honeywell are to looking into redesigning appliances like air conditioners and refrigerant applications that have a lower gwp. This table is adapted from the ipcc fifth assessment. Carbon dioxide has a designated gwp of 1 base reference. For the great majority of cases there are a number of different values of gwp for each specific refrigerant.
This table is adapted from the ipcc fifth assessment report, 2014 ar5i. Ozonedepleting potential of some substances 14 table 4. Global low gwp refrigerants market size by type, by. The last round of changes took place between the mid1990s through 2010, as cfc and hcfc refrigerants were phased out and largely replaced by hfcs. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide and is expressed as a factor of carbon dioxide whose gwp is standardized to 1. By brian fricke, ken schultz, and xudong wang from the february 2017 issue. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide co 2. Refrigerant charge in refrigeration applications can be significantly. It mandates that all refrigerants with odp will be phased out for new equipment by january 1, 2020. Us9023231b2 non ozone depleting and low global warming. Therefore the use of hcfcs including r22 is being phased out according to the schedule detailed set by the montreal protocol due to its ozone depleting potential. Unlike alkyl halide refrigerants that contain bromine or chlorine, r410a which contains only fluorine does not contribute to ozone depletion and is therefore becoming more widely used, as ozonedepleting refrigerants like r22 are phased out. Research and development roadmap for nextgeneration low global warming potential refrigerants introduction 9 1 introduction 1.
Many fgases have high global warming potential gwp. Department of energy under lawrence berkeley national laboratory contract no. Carrier confirms low global warming potential refrigerant. According to verified market research, global low gwp refrigerants market was valued at usd 15. We find pronounced seasonal variations of global emissions for these two major refrigerants, with summer. Hcfc22 contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion, and both species are potent greenhouse gases. Although hcfc22 production is controlled for refrigerant. Performance comparison of heat pumps using low global warming. Global warming potential rating hcfcs contribute both to ozone depletion and global warming. The global warming potential gwp of refrigerants now became a factor. Hfcs are widely used in air conditioning systems and their usage is anticipated to rise, with their negative. Limited options for lowglobalwarmingpotential refrigerants.
This transition was a global effort under an international treaty known as the montreal protocol mp that addressed the destructive effects these compounds had on the ozone layer. Us9023231b2 us515,798 us2010515798a us9023231b2 us 9023231 b2 us9023231 b2 us 9023231b2 us 2010515798 a us2010515798 a us 2010515798a us 9023231 b2 us9023231 b2 us 9023231b2 authority us united states prior art keywords heat exchanger refrigerant composition compressor heat refrigerant prior art date 20091221 legal status the legal status is an assumption. Performance comparison of heat pumps using low global warming potential refrigerants with optimized heat exchanger designs. Kyoto set reduction targets for greenhouse gases, including hfcs, in developed countries.
Hfc refrigerants of which r4a is one of the more common types have not been a universal success. Hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, which are currently used as refrigerants in airconditioning ac systems, are potent greenhouse gases, with high values of global warming potential gwp. Next generation of low global warming potential refrigerants. Apart from having a very high global warming potential, they have proved to be excessive energy consumers in most applications. In view of the global warming potential of these newly synthesized refrigerants, the recent trend is to go back to. Refrigerants containing chlorine or bromine contribute to the breakdown of the ozone layer see figure 5.
Understanding a2l refrigerants for air conditioners 2019. Latest developments of low global warming refrigerants for. Jul 10, 2017 the recent global agreement signed in kigali to limit the use of hydrofluorocarbons hfcs as refrigerants, starting by 2019, has promoted an active area of research toward the development of low global warming potential gwp new refrigerants. Cfcs by hcfcs or hfcs provisionally and finally replacing hcfcs or hfc to low gwp and odp synthetic and natural refrigerants. Emissions and reduction potentials of hydrofluorocarbons. However, the performance of air conditioning and refrigeration systems using these candidates needs to be evaluated to ensure acceptable system capacity and efficiency. Product information sorted by product type and name type product r number odp1 gwp2 cfc 12 1 high 10900 high 502 0,33 high 4657 high. Compare performance of multiple refrigerants, learn the line sizing, and much more all for free. Global warming potential gwp is a measure of how much a given mass of a gas contributes to global. Ashrae recently hosted an informative webcast titled the future of refrigerants. In response to environmental concerns raised by the use of high global warming potential gwp refrigerants, the airconditioning, heating, and refrigeration institute ahri is launching an industrywide cooperative research program to identify and evaluate promising alternative refrigerants for major product categories. Read online standards for lowglobal warming potential.
Many modernday refrigerants are hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, which have attracted attention recently as being a potent greenhouse gas. Ahri low global warming potential alternative refrigerants evaluation program welcome to the conference orlando, fl january 21, 2016 2. Lake placid olympic ice arena from 1980 miracle on ice hockey match converts from r22 to genetron performax lt r407f. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layer. Author links open overlay panel byeongsu kim sang hun lee dongchan lee yongchan kim. A critical link in protecting climate and the ozone layer. Read online standards for low global warming potential. Ozone depletion potential rating global warming potential gwp 1810. Ahri lowgwp alternative refrigerants evaluation program. Refrigerants can thus also be ranked according to their impact on the stratospheric ozone layer the ozone depletion potential, odp or as greenhouse gases the global warming potential, gwp.